Middle C in MIDI is the C closest to the middle of the notes that a MIDI note on message can produce. On a six-string guitar with standard tuning, this C is played on the third fret of the fifth string. Thus, middle C on a guitar is one octave lower than middle C on a piano. The absolute octave number designations are based on Middle C C4, which is an arbitrary but widely used assignment. This table lists all MIDI Note Numbers by octave.
On a standard 88 key piano, middle C is also known as C4 and is the C closest to the middle.Ī guitar plays the same notes on the staff one octave lower. Appendix 1.3 - Table of MIDI Note Numbers. On a piano, depending on the tuning, middle C will be approximately 260 Hz (for example, 261.63 Hz in an equal tempered scale in which A above middle C is 440 Hz see Frequency of notes). What frequency or pitch is produce by the note middle C depends on the instrument. It is called middle C as it is in the middle between treble staff and the bass staff. The target channel determines whether a MIDI note is interpreted as a percussion note or a pitched note.Middle C in traditional notation is shown below. To turn a message into a percussion note-on message, just play the note over the percussion channel (channel 9 in General MIDI).īass Drum 1 with a velocity of 79: 1001 1001-0010 0100-0100 1111 (bin) => 99-24-4F (hex). In both cases, the note-on messages are assigned to one of the non-percussion channels.
As I'll discuss is a future article, there are ways of modifying the channel-volume, but there is no way of changing the volume of an individual note. Notice the primary limitation! Once a note is played, there is no way of chaning the velocity. In my experience, only the most feature-rich computer-based MIDI synthesizers/sound-drivers will vary the timbre with the velocity. More expensive MIDI synthesizers will change the timbre of the played note as the velocity in the note-on message changes. Additionally, the timbre or instrument quality will change along with the velocity. The faster that one strikes a piano keys, the louder the note will sound. Velocity: The velocity specifies the volume or force, with which the note is played.That table assigns a specific instrument number for each MIDI key value. Again, General MIDI specifies a list of standard percussion instrument table. For percussion instruments the MIDI key value is used for specifying the instrument number. Before General MIDI, different mappings were supported by different manufacturers. The General MIDI specification assigns the number 69 to A440 (i.e., the international standard that assigns a pitch of 440 Hertz for Middle-A on the standard piano keyboard). Key Number: For pitched instruments (i.e., non-percussion instruments), the key-number specifies the piano-key number.All of the remaining channels (0 through 8, 10 through 15) are reserved for use with pitched or non-percussion instruments. The Timpani is not considered to be a General MIDI percusion instrument because you can specify a pitch. For instance, a Low Floor Tom is a percussion instrument in this context, while a Timpani is NOT a percussion instrument. In this context, a percussion instrument means an instrument that has no note-setting or pitch setting. MIDI Channel: In the General MIDI specificiation, MIDI channel 9 is reserved for the use with percussion instruments.The basic format of the MIDI note-on message is shown below: The note-on message is a channel message and is consequently restricted to one of 16 pre-defined MIDI channels (i.e., numbers 0 through 15). The MIDI note-on message is used for turning on MIDI notes. Here is a musical SoundBeeps example, and some functions relating to converting between pitch (frequency)/MIDI note numbers/scientific notation.
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